Month: November 2018

Even the earliest business computer systems were used to process business records and produce information. They were generally faster and more accurate than equivalent manual systems. These systems stored groups of records in separate files, and so they were called file processing systems. Although file processing systems are a great improvement over manual systems, they do have the following limitations:

Data is separated and isolated.

Data is often duplicated.

Application programs are dependent on file formats.

It is difficult to represent complex objects using file processing systems. Data is separate and isolated. Recall that as the marketing manager you needed to relate sales data to customer data. Somehow you need to extract data from both the CUSTOMER and ORDER files and combine it into a single file for processing. To do this, computer programmers determine which parts of each of the files are needed. Then they determine how the files are related to one another, and finally they coordinate the processing of the files so the correct data is extracted. This data is then used to produce the information. Imagine the problems of extracting data from ten or fifteen files instead of just two! Data is often duplicated. In the record club example, a member’s name, address, and membership number are stored in both files. Although this duplicate data wastes a small amount of file space, that is not the most serious problem with duplicate data. The major problem concerns data integrity. A collection of data has integrity if the data is logically consistent. This means, in part, that duplicated data items agree with one another. Poor data integrity often develops in file processing systems. If a member were to change his or her name or address, then all files containing that data need to be updated. The danger lies in the risk that all files might not be updated, causing discrepancies between the files. Data integrity problems are serious. If data items differ, inconsistent results will be produced. A report from one application might disagree with a report from another application. At least one of them will be incorrect, but who can tell which one? When this occurs, the credibility of the stored data comes into question. Application programs are dependent on file formats. In file processing systems, the physical formats of files and records are entered in the application programs that process the files. In COBOL, for example, file formats are written in the DATA DIVISION. The problem with this arrangement is that changes in file formats result in program updates. For example, if the Customer record were modified to expand the ZIP Code field from five to nine digits, all programs that use the Customer record need to be modified, even if they do not use the ZIP Code field. There might be twenty programs that process the CUSTOMER file. A change like this one means that a programmer needs to identify all the affected programs, then modify and retest them. This is both time consuming and error-prone. It is also very frustrating to have to modify programs that do not even use the field whose format changed. It is difficult to represent complex objects using file processing systems. This last weakness of file processing systems may seem a bit theoretical, but it is an important shortcoming.

A masters degree in business management has different names like
“MBA- Masters of Business Administration
“PDGM- Post Graduation Diploma in Management
“PGDBM- Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management
“MBS- Masters of Business Studies
“M Bus.- Masters of Business
“MMS- Masters of Management Studies
“MA in Business Studies/Management
“M Sc. in Business Studies/Management
But the most popular name of this degree across the globe is MBA which is actually one of the most popular post graduate degrees pursued today. All sorts of students, from average to the most brilliant ones, are now looking forward to earn this degree in India. And not only these students but many of the working professionals are also very anxious to have a master degree due to its huge demand. Tens of thousands of students and working professionals flood these B-Schools every year with great hopes. All are worried to get admitted to top colleges to pursue the best program so that they can have six figure salaries with reputation.
Many of these students do not give attention to understand the most important aspect of MBA while running in race of millions. That aspect is What exactly this degree teaches you? It actually has two different verticals in which it educate the students to make them business professionals. One is academic education which gives the insights of business management and other is personality development which includes improvement of the student by imparting soft skills and behavioral training for better exposure to corporate world.
In academics the students are taught different subjects related to business behavior, management and operations. It has different specialization programs for both part time and full time MBA courses in Delhi and India. Course curriculum is almost same in all the colleges but what makes the difference is the quality of ambiance, faculty and gentry of students.
Core Curriculum comprised of mainly these subjects
“Financial Management
“Accounting
“Marketing
“Statistics
“Operations
“Managerial Economics
“Strategy
“Leadership Development
“Global Economics
“Decision Models
“Management Theories
Then is the aspect of personality enhancement which improves the overall persona of the student. Students are given the trainings for soft skills, corporate communication, presentations and interpersonal skills. They are educated to work under pressure, working in groups, career networking etc. All MBA program in India have same core curriculum required for everyone. Half of the degree includes the study of core curriculum common to all and then comes the specialization part.
Main electives to choose from
“MBA in Marketing
“MBA in Finance
“MBA in Human Resource
“MBA in Information Technology
“MBA in International Business
Here is all what It teaches and rest depends of how much you grab from it and improve yourself.

A popular set-up of small to large companies today is to hire remote workers other than the team they have at their site. It is a cost-saving measure. Although it has its benefits, problems still arise, particularly on regulating and tracking employee activities. These are very important because schedule has to be followed. Delays just won’t do any good especially if you are just building your clients’ trust and loyalty. Keeping an organized workflow and manpower must be maintained in order to establish competence. A software employee time tracking will help not only in efficiently managing schedules, but will also help increase productivity because employees tend to focus and concentrate when they know they are being monitored. Idle time is greatly avoided. Your remote workers would have to be mindful of the time. Instead of doing personal stuff before proceeding to work mode, they would have to be conscious that once they log in their activity, the clock will start ticking.

What a software employee time tracking basically does is capture employee time automatically. It’s the accurate and reliable method to implement to record time, view reports and produce billing statements. Significant savings is achieved because the process of attendance and time tracking is already automated. Let us also include its capacity to create detailed invoices. Surely, no time is wasted just to ensure the veracity of the invoices.

This tool also supports company’s need for better project management. Using this software, you can easily track employee activities to ascertain that schedules are followed. You’ll get to have a more organized workflow where delays are greatly avoided.

If you have your own team of workers, payroll is also a business administrative task that is aided by this time tracking application. Using less powerful software would result to erroneous and faulty data, especially when it comes to integrating attendance, leaves, sick leaves and benefits to an employer’s salary. There are also government taxes and loans that need to be reflected on the payroll. And because it can be generated online, companies get considerable savings on printing and hiring administrative staff to do the paperwork. You are also supporting the government’s move in encouraging business firms to go paperless in their transactional processes as much as possible.

Surely, you’ll get a strong hold on how you run your business from administrative tasks to employee supervision. When you have support tools like software employee time tracking, you’ll have enough time to attend to other pressing matters.

Everyday, thousands of patients and their families are faced with the challenge of arranging non emergency medical transportation for their loved ones. The federal and state government recognizes the importance of meeting the transportation needs of medically frail patients who do not require emergency medical transportation. The United States Congress enacted Section 6083 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 to allow the introduction of Non-Emergency Medical Transportation (“NEMT”) brokerage systems for Medicaid recipients at the state level.

Non-emergency medical transportation involves getting a patient to and from the source of
medical care when the medical condition is not life threatening. This includes non-emergency
ambulance, medi-car, taxicab, service car, livery or private automobile. The Non-Emergency Medical Transport (NEMT) business service is a growing Industry as the need for this specialized service continues to grow. Many existing companies and new businesses are venturing into the NEMT business as an additional source of revenue or as a stand alone profitable business. However, the start up process for Non emergency Medical Transportation business is moderately difficult. Recent study published in a business journal in 2009 indicates 69% of businesses that venture into the NEMT business abandon the start up process. This is due to lack of correct information or unavailability of information to help with the start up process.
There is more to non emergency transportation management than getting from one location to the next. The NEMT business is heavily impacted by laws and regulations that are specific to states, counties or municipalities. Businesses that start an NEMT business with an informative and detailed start up guide have a higher chance making it past the start up phase.
NEMT services are a good business by all accounts. This is a service that is needed. The elderly, disabled people including veterans, people with chronic medical conditions that require frequent medical appointments rely heavily on NEMT businesses to get their medical needs met.
The recent economic hardships have resulted in lower revenues for taxi and limousine and other companies. An NEMT business provides a solid and steady base of revenue for these businesses. However the success of any NEMT business is highly dependent on the establishing effective policies and procedures, education and training programs for staff, quality improvement programs and practices and most important an effective marketing strategy.The Non Emergency Medical Transportation start-up guide by Precision Management provides direct and detailed answers to the daunting questions that confront businesses during the start up process. The start up guides goes further to address policies and procedures requirements, success proven marketing strategies, risk management. Ultimately, the goal of the guide is to help NEMT businesses achieve a higher customer satisfaction and the success of new businesses in the NEMT service industry.

Most authors differentiate public administration and private administration by educational institutions (public schools vs. private schools). Although it’s a good example to provide a comprehensive analysis between the two sectors, I found it not the quintessence for a comparative analysis. Historically, in our country, public schools have a much higher quality education than private schools, and studying economics and public administration, it is not just the nature of bureaucracies, nor the scope of public administration that the case today was reversed. While some authors identified over a dozen factors that differentiates public to private administration, Denhardt only speaks of the three fundamental differences between the two. In this paper, I would elaborate Denhardt’s three points since, together with economist Boadway’s Difference between Public and Private Sector, I found these as the most undisputable and concrete comparisons.

The most apparent difference between the two sectors is their organizing principles or goal. (Denhardt) While private administration has a definite mission, which is the pursuit of profit or stability or growth of revenues, public administration, on the other hand, has ambiguous purposes. Furthermore, the dilemma in ambiguity of purposes is exacerbated by too many unnecessary and inoperable agencies, with purposes that overlap and bloated bureaucracies. One might say that the goal of public administration is to enact public policies, but the overlapping and the main ambiguity of most of these policies, and the vagueness of the enactment of these policies make public administration’s purpose to be more ambiguous. Nevertheless, the fact that public institutions are not profit driven, should not lead us to believe that public sector employees and managers are not concerned about financial matters. As is the case with private companies, public sector units and organizations fight for funding and influence.

Another factor that makes the public sector different from the private is decision making. (Denhradt) In public administration, the decision must be and should be pluralistic. The founding fathers intentionally created a democratic republic where all key decisions are made in politicized environment. This allows for maximum participation: open debate, multiple veto points – a decision making hierarchy where consensus must be achieved at each level, ideally, an informed decision. While private administration’s decision-making is much more simple- it’s monopolistic or close to monopolistic. This type of decision-making would avoid any conflicts in interest; hence, the goal is clearly defined.

The visibility of public administrators is another notable difference between public and private sector. While a manager in a private business may work in relative obscurity, the public manager must operate in the public eye. His or her actions are constantly subjected to public scrutiny. (Denhardt) The publicness of the work of the public manager doesn’t end in merely carrying out public policy, the public manager has to respond to the demands of the public. Denhardt speaks of the “inevitable tension” between efficiency and responsiveness, the pressure to manage effectively and to be simultaneously responsive to public concerns. This pressure often leaves public organizations in a “no-win” situation, trying to serve a public that demands effective government but balks at paying for it (taxes). The public also demands accountability in government, an assurance that those who formulate, implement and administer public programs will act responsibly.

One quality that makes public sector different from private is in the form of unit analysis. (Boadway) Apart from publicly owned-companies, most public institutions are part of a larger chain of command and control where it is harder to draw a line between the different parts of the system- and where legal frameworks provide little help in this. For instance: public agencies- like research councils or directorates of health- interact closely with ministries as well as subordinate institution and “users”. The innovation activities in these institutions are heavily influenced by decisions made above and below the chain of commands. The closest parallel to private sector will be large conglomerates or multinational companies. The complex system of organizations with various (and to some extent conflicting) tasks, is one of the reasons for the inefficiency of public administration. Although, some authors in public administration, such Woodrow Wilson in The Study of Public Administration, where he reiterated that the evolution of public administration together with its complex system and increasing number of bureaucracies is to complement the population growth, but a population with sufficient number of agencies to manage them and with high marginal productivity for each public employee, is better than a bloated bureaucracy with little or zero marginal productivity, and worse, unnecessary and redundant purpose.

Lastly, although political aspect is both apparent in public and private sector, political aspect is more important in the public than in the private sector. Policy decisions normally affect companies directly and indirectly, through laws, regulations and financial support. The public sector is at least formally controlled by elected politicians. The intimate link between this governance dimension and funding of current expenses of the activities implies a very strong link between ownership and control on the one hand and the growth strategies of the subsidiary organizations.